FAQs - Climate

Climate, sometimes understood as the "average weather,” is defined as the measurement of the mean and variability of relevant quantities of certain variables (such as temperature, precipitation or wind) over a period of time, ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).  Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system.

The climate system consists of five major components: 

• the atmosphere 
• the hydrosphere 
• the cryosphere 
• land surface
• the biosphere

The climate system is continually changing due to the interactions between the components as well as external factors such as volcanic eruptions or solar variations and human-induced factors such as changes to the atmosphere and changes in land use.

Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external factors such as persistent changes to the atmosphere or changes in land use. 

Article 1 of the the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines "climate change" as:  "a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.”

The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between "climate change" attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition, and "climate variability" attributable to natural causes.

Experts generally agree that the Earth is warming up. How much this has been directly attributed to or caused by human activity – the effects of which are extremely difficult to assess – is not clear, though increases in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are more than likely taking their toll. 

What is clear is that, globally, 14 of the 15 warmest years  on record have all occurred in the 21st century, and each of the last three decades has been warmer than the previous one, culminating with 2001-2010 as the warmest decade on record. Average global air temperatures over land and sea surface in 2014 were 0.57 °C (1.03°F) above the long-term average of 14.00°C (57.2 °F) for the 1961-1990 reference period. By comparison, temperatures were 0.55 °C (1.00°F) above average in 2010 and 0.54°C (0.98°F) above average in 2005, according to WMO calculations. The estimated margin of uncertainty was 0.10°C (0.18°F).

WMO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to take stock of scientific knowledge of the threat of human-induced climate change. The IPCC is now recognized as the authoritative international, scientific and technical voice on climate change. WMO hosts the IPCC Secretariat.

The WMO World Climate Programme (WCP) aims primarily to enhance the production of climate services that focus end users, to facilitate ever more useful applications of climate information to derive optimal socio-economic benefits. WCP facilitates international climate change research in order to provide better and more up-to-date climate information to enable decision-makers to reach more informed conclusions as to the causes and impacts of climate change and to develop appropriate response strategies. It underpins the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).

Climate Variability is defined as variations in the mean state and other statistics of the climate on all temporal and spatial scales, beyond individual weather events. 

The term "Climate Variability" is often used to denote deviations of climatic statistics over a given period of time (e.g. a month, season or year) when compared to long-term statistics for the same calendar period. Climate variability is measured by these deviations, which are usually termed anomalies. 

Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external factors (external variability).

In essence, climate variability looks at changes that occur within smaller timeframes, such as a month, a season or a year, and climate change considers changes that occur over a longer period of time, typically over decades or longer. A key difference between climate variability and change is in persistence of "anomalous” conditions - when events that used to be rare occur more frequently, or vice-versa. 

In statistical terms, the curve of the frequency distribution representing the probability of specific meteorological events changes. The curve may be modified either in amplitude, shifted about a new mean, or both.

Care must be taken not to confuse variability with change. Many regions of the world experience greater variability, climatologically speaking, than do others. In some parts of the world, or in any region for certain time periods or parts of the year, the variability can be weak (i.e. there is not much difference in the conditions within that time period). In other places or time periods, the conditions can swing across a large range, from freezing to very warm, or from very wet to very dry and exhibit strong variability. 

A certain amount of this is understood and accepted, instinctively, by the people in a region. What is "normal" for Denver, Colorado in terms of the frequency of precipitation events (high variability) would be "abnormal" for London, England (low variability). Thus, any single event, such as a severe tropical cyclone, cannot be attributed to human-induced climate change.

Occasionally, an event or sequence of events occurs that has never been witnessed before (or recorded before), such as the exceptional hurricane season in the Atlantic in 2005. Yet even that could be part of natural climate variability. If such a season does not recur within the next 30 years, we would look back and call it an exceptional year, but not a harbinger of change. Only a persistent series of unusual events taken in the context of regional climate parameters can suggest a potential change in climate has occurred.

The IPCC is conducting considerable efforts in trying to determine, for various hydrometeorological hazards such as tropical cyclones or tornadoes and related events such as flash floods, whether there is substantial and credible evidence of human-induced climate change. The upcoming fourth assessment report should provide more clarity on this matter.

The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (2007) projects an increase of globally averaged surface temperatures of 2.1 to 6.1 degrees Celsius, compared to the middle of the 20th century, by 2100. Nearly all land areas are projected to experience more hot days and heat waves and fewer cold days and cold waves. In a warmer world, the hydrological cycle becomes more intense, with heavier and more frequent precipitation and flooding in many areas. Increased summer drying and associated risk of drought over most mid-latitude continental interiors are also predicted.

Climate change is expected to decrease water availability in arid and semi-arid regions, which could lead to a doubling of the population living with water scarcity in the next 30 years. Areas affected by diseases such as malaria (and waterborne illnesses) could well expand, while crop models indicate a decrease in yields for tropical and sub-tropical areas. It has also been calculated that a rise of more than a few degrees would trigger a fall in plant productivity throughout most regions of the world.