观测

观测

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地球系统由大气、海洋、淡水水体、陆地和生物圈组成。观测是我们了解地球系统如何形成天气、气候和水文的关键。

目前,每天有10000多个人工和自动地面气象站、1000多个高空站、7000多艘船舶、100多个系留浮标和1000多个漂流浮标、数百部天气雷达和3000多架带特殊装备的商用飞机对大气、陆地和海洋表面的关键参数进行测量。

此外还有约30颗气象卫星和约200颗科研卫星,全球气象、水文及其它地球物理观测网络的规模由此可见一斑。观测资料在收集之后将根据WMO仪器和观测方法计划(IMOP)确定的技术标准进行质量控制,而后通过WMO信息系统(WIS)免费提供给世界各国。

WMO协助了这一全球网络的建立、维护和持续扩展,网络内各项活动的协调在WMO世界天气监视网(WWW)的全球观测系统(GOS)内进行。同时WMO联合发起的全球气候观测系统(GCOS)和全球海洋观测系统(GOOS)在促进收集必要资料以制作气候预报和开展气候变化探测方面发挥着重要作用。

WMO全球综合观测系统(WIGOS)囊括了以上所有网络,它利用WIS将所有区域联系起来,以开展资料交换、管理和加工。

资料交换和技术转让

WMO在世界各地的中心拥有强大的计算机,能够对数以万计的陆地和海洋观测仪器以及地球观测卫星所收集的资料进行加工。基于物理定律的数值模式可使用这些资料制作天气、气候和水相关的预报、预测和信息产品,用于日常生活和长期决策。

依托WMO世界天气监视网计划的全球电信系统,WMO信息系统(WIS)可日常收集和自动分发观测到的天气、气候和水相关资料及产品,以及开展资料发现、获取和检索服务。

资料和产品的国际交换

WMO协助免费和无限制地交换有关社会安全保障、经济福利以及环境保护方面的资料与信息、产品及服务。

Aircraft-Based Observations

Aircraft-based observations, comprised of reports of meteorological data and information provided or transmitted from an aircraft platform, have made a significant contribution to upper-air monitoring of the atmosphere since the early twentieth century. Initially, this contribution was limited to PIlot REPorts (PIREP), consisting of little more than radio communications from pilots back to the ground regarding weather phenomena and conditions encountered during flight.

Data rescue and archives

Data repositories and archives play a critical role as the source for the observational data used in the study of weather and climate. After over two centuries of recording observations on physical media – and the last 20 years on digital media – these records are at risk.

Centennial Observing Stations

Long-term meteorological observations are part of the irreplaceable cultural and scientific heritage of mankind that serve the needs of current and future generations for long-term high quality climate records. They are unique sources of past information about atmospheric parameters, thus are references for climate variability and change assessments. To highlight this importance, WMO has a mechanism to recognize centennial observing stations.